Connections are made in different combinations to achieve desired operation. These connections can be made of wires, can be etched on copper board, can be a dead-bug style, can be made on bread-board, or can be made on proto-board.

Printed Circuit Boards or PCBs are primarily an insulating material used as base, into which conductive strips are printed. The base material is generally fiberglass, and the conductive connections are generally copper and are made through an etching process.

You had often heard of a system, a system to which we belong, these systems is sometime applied to us in the form of gravity, and sometimes to our whole expanding universe. These systems basically perform a specific task in periodic manner or non-periodic manner. Their main purpose is to process input and generate output.

In your childhood, I suppose everyone one had seen TOM & JERRY where TOM build a system to trap JERRY. If you hadn’t, see below:

You enjoyed, look how TOM is making calculation to trap JERRYJ.

Just like that, the systems are implemented in various fields of engineering; electronics, chemical, mechanical, etc.

I want to give you an example of an amplifier; it processes the weak input signal and amplifies its power, retaining same shape of the signal. Its main use in wireless communication where it amplifies the weak RF signal, in speakers where weak audio signal is amplified, and a big example is the crane which actually amplifies humans power to perform the same operation but among tons of weight.

In short, the basic idea behind any system is that it process our primary input which a system processes to produce an expected output. These systems had simplified our lives to an extent so that now we are no more restricted by compulsions.

We had often heard of PID Controller, and of its popularity but basically what is it???

A PID by its abbreviation means Proportional Integral Derivative.

These three terms or systems combine their qualities in such a way that has been in use since 1911 for the application of Automatic Ship Steering and was developed by Elmer Sperry.

Its best implementation is in the fields of Mechanical, Electronic, Communication and many more.

Actually we are surrounded by the PID control systems that have been observed by many few peoples.

A car suspension system is designed in such a way that its spring and shock absorber, does not tends car to oscillate wildly on irregular surfaces and gives us a smooth drive.

Basically there are various parameters in a system which is tuned so that it can perform best according to the conditions.

Just look at the graph and visualize the example of a car described above……

As it is completely observable that here the three constant parameter Kp, Ki, Kd controlling three different systems i.e., Proportional, Integral, Derivative respectively.